Update Oct 2015: Updated for 10.11 El Capitan!
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If you bought a cheap aftermarket USB-Ethernet adapter like me and found that it doesn't work on El Capitan or Yosemite, here's what you need to get it going.
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Seriously. You can stop tearing you hair out now. It'll all be ok.
As with all advice on the internet, you can't sue me if this sets fire to your cat or sends ninjas to your house. You're doing this on your own, and I assume no liability or warranty for what you do.
Steps to get your adapter working if you just upgraded to Mac OS 10.11 El Capitan.
- Reboot. As soon as the screen goes black, hold down 'Command' and 'R' until you see a black screen with an Apple logo and a white progress bar. Let go, and wait for your computer to boot into recovery mode.
- From the top bar, select 'Utilities' and then 'Terminal'
- In the terminal, run
csrutil disable. - From the top bar, select '', then 'Restart'
- When you boot back up, you'll have a working adapter!
- Definitely take a read down below to see what's changed in El Capitan, and if disabling SIP makes sense for your setup.
Steps to get your adapter working if you've never used the adapter before in Mac OS 10.11 El Capitan.
- Uninstall the dozens of other drivers you may have installed in the process of trying to get this working.
- Unplug your USB adapter, and reboot and give yourself a clean slate.
- Reboot. As soon as the screen goes black, hold down 'Command' and 'R' until you see a black screen with an Apple logo and a white progress bar. Let go, and wait for your computer to boot into recovery mode.
- From the top bar, select 'Utilities' and then 'Terminal'
- In the terminal, run
csrutil disable. - From the top bar, select '', then 'Restart'
- Once you're booted back up, download and install the drivers from the CD, kindly uploaded by this fine human being.
- Reboot.
- Open your terminal, and run
sudo kextload /System/Library/Extensions/USBCDCEthernet.kext - Reboot.
- Plug in your USB Adapter, with a live ethernet cable.
- Open System Preferences, and go to the Network Pane.
- Hit the + button in the bottom right, select the 'USB 2.0 10/100M Ethernet Adapter', and hit add.
- You're all set! Your adapter works!
- Apologize to the people you care about for the things you've said over the past few hours. They won't understand, but they will forgive you.
Steps to get your adapter working on Mac OS 10.10 Yosemite
- Uninstall the dozens of other drivers you may have installed in the process of trying to get this working.
- Unplug your USB adapter, and reboot and give yourself a clean slate.
- Download and install the drivers from the CD, kindly uploaded by this fine human being.
- Reboot.
- Open your terminal, and run
sudo nvram boot-args='kext-dev-mode=1' - Reboot.
- Open your terminal, and run
sudo kextload /System/Library/Extensions/USBCDCEthernet.kext - Reboot.
- Plug in your USB Adapter, with a live ethernet cable.
- Open System Preferences, and go to the Network Pane.
- Hit the + button in the bottom right, select the 'USB 2.0 10/100M Ethernet Adapter', and hit add.
- You're all set! Your adapter works!
- Apologize to the people you care about for the things you've said over the past few hours. They won't understand, but they will forgive you.
What's going on. (Yosemite Version).
The old drivers still work, no problem, but are being blocked in Yosemite because they aren't 'signed' properly, since they weren't re-issued for Yosemite. As 'unsigned' drivers, Mac OS refuses to load them, saying they constitute a security hazard.
What step 5 does is instructs your computer to set itself to 'developer mode', which allows you to load unsigned kexts. This is a mild security risk, but it should be fine for most people. If you're in doubt, please make the decision that makes the most sense for your security concerns. You might be better off just buying legit Apple hardware so you don't have to disable the security. That's your call.
If you ever do go legit and want to undo it, just run sudo nvram boot-args='kext-dev-mode=0, and things will be back where you left them.
What's going on. (El Capitan Version).
In short, it's the same scenario as Yosemite, just stricter. Apple has a new security mode, called 'System Integrity Protection' (SIP) that prevents anyone - even you with your password - from modifying system files.
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The old drivers still work, no problem, but are being blocked in El Capitan because they aren't 'signed' properly, since they weren't re-issued for El Capitan. As 'unsigned' drivers, Mac OS refuses to load them, saying they constitute a security hazard.
The csrutil disable step turns off SIP for your entire system, which allows you to load and use the drivers. This also disables malware protection for your machine, and given that we've started to see genuine malware for OS X in the wild, it's a slightly larger security risk than it was in Yosemite.
If you're in doubt, please make the decision that makes the most sense for your security concerns. You might be better off just buying legit Apple hardware so you don't have to disable the security. That's your call.
If you ever do go legit and want to undo it, just reboot into recovery mode and run csrutil enable, and things will be back where you left them.
Anyhow, after hours of searching and pulling out my own hair, I thought it'd be worth sharing the solution! Enjoy!
If this post helped you out, please do me a favor back (and maybe yourself one, too), and check out my masterclass on living with purpose and going after your big dreams.
It's really, really good. Thanks!-Steven
In audio and broadcast engineering, Audio over Ethernet (sometimes AoE—not to be confused with ATA over Ethernet) is the use of an Ethernet-based network to distribute real-time digital audio. AoE replaces bulky snake cables or audio-specific installed low-voltage wiring with standard network structured cabling in a facility. AoE provides a reliable backbone for any audio application, such as for large-scale sound reinforcement in stadiums, airports and convention centers, multiple studios or stages.
While AoE bears a resemblance to voice over IP (VoIP) and audio over IP (AoIP), AoE is intended for high-fidelity, low-latency professional audio. Because of the fidelity and latency constraints, AoE systems generally do not utilize audio data compression. AoE systems use a much higher bit rate (typically 1 Mbit/s per channel) and much lower latency (typically less than 10 milliseconds) than VoIP. AoE requires a high-performance network. Performance requirements may be met through use of a dedicated local area network (LAN) or virtual LAN (VLAN), overprovisioning or quality of service features.
Some AoE systems use proprietary protocols (at the lower OSI layers) which create Ethernet frames that are transmitted directly onto the Ethernet (layer 2) for efficiency and reduced overhead. The word clock may be provided by broadcast packets.
Protocols[edit]
There are several different and incompatible protocols for audio over Ethernet. For example, using category 5 cable and 100BASE-TX signaling at 100 Mbits/second, each link can generally transmit between 32 and 64 channels at a 48 kHz sampling rate. Some can handle other rates and audio bit depths, with a corresponding reduction in number of channels.
AoE is not necessarily intended for wireless networks, thus the use of various 802.11 devices may or may not work with various (or any) AoE protocols.[1]
Protocols can be broadly categorized into Layer-1, Layer-2 and Layer-3 systems based on the layer in the OSI model where the protocol exists.
Layer-1 protocols[edit]
Layer-1 protocols use Ethernet wiring and signaling components but do not use the Ethernet frame structure. Layer-1 protocols often use their own media access control (MAC) rather than the one native to Ethernet, which generally creates compatibility issues and thus requires a dedicated network for the protocol.
Open standards[edit]
- MaGIC by Gibson[2]
Proprietary[edit]
- SuperMAC, an implementation of AES50[3]
- HyperMAC, a gigabit Ethernet variant of SuperMAC[4]
- A-Net by Aviom[5]
- AudioRail[6]
- ULTRANET By Behringer[7]
Layer-2 protocols[edit]
Layer-2 protocols encapsulate audio data in standard Ethernet packets. Most can make use of standard Ethernet hubs and switches though some require that the network (or at least a VLAN) be dedicated to the audio distribution application.
Open standards[edit]
- AES51, A method of passing ATM services over Ethernet that allows AES3 audio to be carried in a similar way to AES47
- Audio Video Bridging (AVB), when used with the IEEE 1722 AV Transport Protocol profile (which transports IEEE 1394/IEC 61883 over Ethernet frames, using IEEE 802.1AS for timing)
Proprietary[edit]
- CobraNet
- RAVE by QSC Audio, an implementation of CobraNet[8]
- EtherSound by Digigram[9]
- NetCIRA, a rebranded EtherSound by Fostex
- REAC and RSS digital snale technology by Roland[10][11]
- SoundGrid by Waves Audio
- dSNAKE by Allen & Heath
Layer-3 protocols[edit]
Layer-3 protocols encapsulate audio data in OSI model layer 3 (network layer) packets. By definition it does not limit the choice of protocol to be the most popular layer-3 protocol, the Internet Protocol (IP). In some implementations, the layer-3 audio data packets are further packaged inside OSI model layer-4 (transport layer) packets, most commonly User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). Use of UDP or RTP to carry audio data enables them to be distributed through standard computer routers, thus a large distribution audio network can be built economically using commercial off-the-shelf equipment.
Although IP packets can traverse the Internet, most layer-3 protocols cannot provide reliable transmission over the Internet due to the limited bandwidth, significant End-to-end delay and packet loss that can be encountered by data flow over the Internet. For similar reasons, transmission of layer-3 audio over wireless LAN are also not supported by most implementations.
Open standards[edit]
- AES67[12]
- Audio Contribution over IP standardized by the European Broadcasting Union
- Audio Video Bridging (AVB), when used with IEEE 1733 or AES67 (which uses standard RTP over UDP/IP, with extensions for linking IEEE 802.1ASPrecision Time Protocol timing information to payload data)
- NetJack, a network backend for the JACK Audio Connection Kit[13]
- Zita-njbridge, a set of clients for the JACK Audio Connection Kit
- RAVENNA by ALC NetworX (uses PTPv2 timing)
Proprietary[edit]
- Livewire by Axia Audio, a division of Telos Systems
- Dante by Audinate (PTPv1 timing)
- Q-LAN by QSC Audio Products (PTPv2 timing)[14]
- WheatNet-IP by Wheatstone Corporation[15]
Similar concepts[edit]
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RockNet by Riedel Communications,[16] uses Cat-5 cabling. Hydra2 by Calrec[17] uses Cat-5e cabling or fiber through SFP transceivers.[18]
MADI uses 75-ohmcoaxial cable with BNC connectors or optical fibre to carry up to 64 channels of digital audio in a point-to-point connection. It is most similar in design to AES3, which can carry only two channels.
AES47 provides audio networking by passing AES3 audio transport over an ATM network using structured network cabling (both copper and fibre). This was used extensively by contractors supplying the BBC's wide area real-time audio connectivity around the UK.
Audio over IP differs in that it works at a higher layer, encapsulated within Internet Protocol. Some of these systems are usable on the Internet, but may not be as instantaneous, and are only as reliable as the network route — such as the path from a remote broadcast back to the main studio, or the studio/transmitter link (STL), the most critical part of the airchain. This is similar to VoIP, however AoIP is comparable to AoE for a small number of channels, which are usually also. Cirrus Logic. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
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Q-LAN updated to PTPv2 approximately two years ago.
